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Kevin Bullis is Technology Review’s energy editor.

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Monday, December 28, 2009

How to Find Hidden Explosives at Airports

We already have the technology for discovering hidden explosives, but it could lead to long lines.
By Kevin Bullis

The bomb that Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab reportedly tried to set off as his flight neared Detroit on Christmas could have been detected using existing screening technologies, had they only been used. Not only could the explosives have been spotted using back-scatter X-rays or millimeter wave technology--which can see through clothes--invisible traces of the explosive could have been detected using chemical sensors. But both technologies, if used to screen all passengers, would lead to long lines at airport security checkpoints.

These images were recorded with millimeter wave technology.
Credit: TSA

The main explosive used has been identified at pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Unlike some explosives, it does not produce enough vapors to be detected through sealed containers. But it could be detected by swabbing a person's hands or the outside of a briefcase, or in devices at airports that use puffs of air to dislodge trace explosives particles, which are then sampled and tested via spectrometers. They could also be detected by new materials that glow (or stop glowing) in response to certain explosives, and can be much faster than the technology used now in airports.

A secondary explosive--a liquid--also appears to have been used in the attempt to set off the bomb. This likely would have produced enough enough vapor that it could be detected through a sealed container using handheld devices that are starting to be used in some airports. Depending on the exact explosive used, it could have been detected, for example, by this handheld sensor.

PETN would also easily show up on scanners that use X-rays or those that use 30 to 300 gigahertz electromagnetic waves (called millimeter wave scanners) that are able to distinguish between skin and other materials. Explosives should show up particularly clearly because they're typically denser than other materials, says Aimee Rose, a principle researcher at ICx Technologies, which makes explosives detection equipment. "One of the reasons that they are explosive is that they're a lot denser than typical materials. You need a lot of material in a small area."

But neither of these technologies is as fast as a standard metal detector, and they're expensive and can be difficult to operate, making it impractical to install enough of them to keep people moving quickly. "Any of these systems are likely going to slow down checkpoints," Rose says, although she notes time could be saved by eliminating the need for pat downs.

Such systems, however, could eliminate other security measures--such as being restricted to your seat for the last hour of flights or not being able to use blankets--that are both inconvenient and may not do much good. That, and the added safety, could make it worth the extra wait at airports.

Comments

  • Bomb Sniffing Dogs
    I am always amazed by the call for more and new technology and while I can understand it being made in the Technology Review, I still wonder whether some well trained bomb sniffing dogs wouldn't be more effective.  Obviously, they are less sexy from a technology point of view but I think that they would be more efficient.  I can see their operating costs being higher but would expect the upfront investment be less.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    Bernd
    12/29/2009
    Posts:4
    Avg Rating:
    4/5
    • Re: Bomb Sniffing Dogs
      It's one thing to use dogs in specific investigations, but not so much for daily, continuous, mass screenings. Even dogs get tired/fatigued, have off-days, would need to work in shifts with others...and have the usual biological needs of any canine.

      And, some people may be more willing to have themselves scanned, whole-body, by a 'machine' (even knowing that a remote operator is inspecting the imagery) than have themselves sniffed at point-blank range (and from the head down, now mind you) by a (strange) dog...

      Also, how many different substances can a dog be trained to respond to? (Not just explosives and flammables, either. We're still looking for drugs and other smuggled contraband, right?) Whereas *seeing* a suspicious object taped to someone's crotch or beneath a breast, is enough to pull them aside for a physical search, without first knowing its composition.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      delphinus100
      01/03/2010
      Posts:6
      Avg Rating:
      4/5
  • 100 people a day die...
    on our roads and there is barely a peep. But 250 almost die in a terrorist act, and we allow the TSA to decide for us that we must be treated like children and told to shut up, sit down, and no toys for the last hour of flight.

    This does nothing to keep us safer. The only 2 things that have kept us safer are reinforced cockpit doors, and passengers that know to fight back against threatening people on the plane. That saved the Northwest Detroit flight.

    Why instead of more dumb TSA regulations, doesn't the CIA and FBI come out, apologize, and say they made mistakes in human intelligence. They should be saying they will reassess their policies on information gathering, investigation, and adding names to the watch and no-fly list?

    Doing this would be 10 times more effective at preventing a future terrorist act than anything the TSA has done to date.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    colinnwn
    12/29/2009
    Posts:51
    Avg Rating:
    4/5
    • Re: 100 people a day die...
      I'll second that. 145,000 people have been murdered in the US by Americans since 9/11.  On 9/11, 3,000 Americans died and since then 4,000 American soldiers have died to "fight terrorism" Many thousands more soldiers have been crippled.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      TooMany
      01/17/2010
      Posts:62
      Avg Rating:
      4/5
  • Change Search Criteria
    As has been properly pointed out, advanced search technology will cause large delays at security check points.  Therefore, we must develop a two tiered system where some people are screen more carefully.  Yes, we have to apply profiles. Yes, not all profiled people will be terrorists.  But we must be willing to make choices.

    I have a friend with two knee replacements.  He is always patted down, because he sets off the metal detector. He is profiled -- so why can't a young man who has journeyed to Yemen be profiled?
    Rate this comment: 12345

    aml
    12/29/2009
    Posts:4
    Avg Rating:
    4/5
    • Re: Change Search Criteria
      I concur.  Unfortunately, the Justice Department has to provide delicate guidance (approved by the Bush Administration) on how to handle racial profiling for terrorism.  The ACLU would not be pleased if the system just singled out anyone with Middle Eastern names.  Also, better technology needs to be installed to sniff or scan for those explosives.  You can't really pat someone in the private area to find out if they've hidden explosives in bra or underwear.

      Better technology and strict profiling will help prevent the mass murderers from reaching their desired and effective destination--on a plane during fight.  Luckily, the detonation device failed in this latest case or else there was not much anyone could do anything about it.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      doanwon
      12/29/2009
      Posts:41
      Avg Rating:
      3/5
  • How to Unhide Explosives at the Source?
    The vast majority of explosives, like PETN, are made in state sanctioned and state operated factories. Taggants already exist, and others, tailored for airport detection, could be developed.
    But instead of treaties that require tagging, we spend vast amounts of money trying to detect needles in haystacks.
    Perhaps fear is such good business that removing it at the source does not pay?
    Rate this comment: 12345

    z0rr0
    12/29/2009
    Posts:59
    Avg Rating:
    4/5
    • Re: How to Unhide Explosives at the Source?
      Sorry z0rr0 but while the majority of explosives are made in factories, the terrorists can make it easily enough.  The taggets only let you figure out what factory was robbed.  When they are put into the early feed stocks, they mess up other products.
      We need to realize these guys are not citizens.
      They are not uniformed combatants.  They should be treated as spys and subject to summary execution.  Removing the genitals before hand and feeding the body to pigs afterwards would just be a deterrent to other looneys.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      SirLanse
      12/29/2009
      Posts:49
      Avg Rating:
      4/5
  • Conspiracy to murder Americans
    Agree with previous commentator.  Al Qaeda is nothing compared to the liquor industry.  Consider first the death rate from drunk driving.
    "In 2008, an estimated 11,773 people died in drunk driving crashes involving a driver with an illegal BAC (.08 or greater). These deaths constitute 31.6 percent of the 37,261 total traffic fatalities in 2008. (Source: NHTSA, 2009)"
    And that's being generous to the liquor industry.  The illegal BAC in most of Europe is .04, half the US standard.  If we used .04, probably 50% of the traffic fatalities would be alcohol-related.

    Enforcement of drunk-driving laws is also pathetic:
    "A first time drunk driving offender on average has driven drunk 87 times prior to being arrested."
    "Fifty to 75 percent of drunk drivers whose licenses are suspended continue to drive."

    But everybody's contributing to the problem, right?  Wrong.
    "About three in every ten Americans will be involved in an alcohol-related crash at some time in their lives."  And yet, according to polls, only about 2% of people drive drunk.  Let's suppose people are grossly under-reporting themselves, and the real figure is 5%.  That would still mean that every drunk driver is harming 5 others besides himself.

    (Unless otherwise stated, stats and quotes above are from the MADD website.)

    Everywhere one looks, alcohol is complicit in death and destruction.  For example, murder of a family member with a firearm is 20x more likely if someone in the family has trouble at work due to alcohol issues (indicative of alcohol abuse). [Kellermann, NEJM, 7 Oct 1993]  Alcoholism is a factor in about 30 percent of all completed suicides.  There are about 33,000 suicides in the U.S. annually, so that's about 10,000 suicide deaths per year due to alcohol. [Source: www.afsp.org] 

    It isn't just drunk driving, firearms, and suicides.  Consider alcohol and unnecessary deaths in general.  The CDC reports that during 2001-2005, an estimated annual 79,646 deaths were attributed to the harmful effects of excessive alcohol use. 

    Compare the deaths to the revenue generated.  The entire U.S. took in about $5.4 billion in alcohol taxes.  That's about $68,000 per death.  How much is YOUR life worth?  And of course, that's not adjusting for the additional money spent on health care and social services for the victims of alcohol, nor the money spent on incarcerating alcohol-fueled criminals.  Factor in that spending, and it is safe to say that we as a society SUBSIDIZE the liquor industry to kill almost 80,000 of our citizens every year. 

    Conclusion: Allowing the liquor industry to continue "business as usual" in the U.S. is morally equivalent to paying Al Qaeda to commit 25 9/11/2001-sized atrocities every year.  There's your conspiracy!!
    Rate this comment: 12345

    dmm
    12/29/2009
    Posts:215
    Avg Rating:
    3/5
    • Re: Conspiracy to murder Americans
      Do you realize how dangerous knives are ?   The knife industry is also a Conspiracy to murder Americans !   All knives should be outlawed -- in fact, all sharp objects !   We must protect ourselves from these evil devices !
      Rate this comment: 12345

      sandcanyon
      12/31/2009
      Posts:1
      Avg Rating:
      4/5
  • Finding
    How to Find Hidden Explosives at Airports by Kevin Bullis

    Not be searching 87 year old grandmothers and Metal of Honor winners.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    Shootist
    01/03/2010
    Posts:7
    Avg Rating:
    3/5
  • We look like idiots
    Shoe bomb? EVERYONE REMOVE YOUR SHOES!
    "Liquid Bomb"? EVERYONE, NO LIQUIDS, NOT EVEN BABY BOTTLES!
    Underwear Bomb? WE'RE GONNA GAWK AT YOUR JUNK!
    X? HERE COME THE ANAL PROBES!

    We need to stop reacting to everything this way, and come up with coherent police policies and treaties with other countries. 

    We also need to educate innumerate people about statistics and the odds of being killed in a terrorist attack vs. odds of anything else, such as auto crashes and random attacks by MADD zealots.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    mwilson1962
    01/04/2010
    Posts:16
    Avg Rating:
    3/5
  • Homeland Security Missed an Opportunity
    The fact this weasle got past security and onto a flight shows how difficult it is to target and eliminate these rats. However, since the terrorist act was thwarted, the chance to use the event was lost.

    All Terrorist Acts are Media Events. The plan typically uses the mass media to broadcast to the world to show how unstoppable and powerful these terrorist groups are. Terrorists are not unstoppable, but highly adaptive combatants - usually educated in Western Universities and "turned" by religious fanatics.

    The Detroit flight had a LIVE apprehended terrorist - caught in the act. The Homeland Security folks COULD HAVE used this as a chance to uncover more Terrorists by falsifying flight details showing they had "lost contact" with the flight while over the Great Lakes. They could have counter-broadcasted false data they assume mechanic failures caused the plane to crash and that due to inclement weather the search and rescue groups are having difficulty locating the crash site.

    This would have bought them time to fire up other counter-terrorist measures to see if:

    A) There were local Michigan Based Teams supporting the in-flight terrorist
    B) They could have tracked cell phone calls too and from Nigeria to learn more
    C) After and "exhaustive search" they could have broadcasted more confusing information.


    In the mean time - the plane could have been rerouted to some other terminal far away from the original gate very quietly so travelers could be treated for injuries, contacted loved ones and then arrested the terrorist for further interrogation - INCLUDING WATER BOARDING if necessary.

    Presumably the true terrorist organization masterminds would have sent tapes of some type to Al Jazzera (sp?) to alert the world of their successful plan. US Intelligence communities could have watched for this to see if they could have trapped anybody else.

    In the mean time, the US could have created their own media event showing they successfully captured a terrorist and have been collecting more useful information to aid future security teams by sharing new tapes, broadcasting them world wide and taking some of the steam out of the true Terrorists sails.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    mkogrady
    01/04/2010
    Posts:244
    Avg Rating:
    3/5
    • Re: Homeland Security Missed an Opportunity
      The counter-intelligence clowns sit around doing nothing but dreaming up schemes like the "dead pool" for world leaders and they think it's creative.  Who knows with all the time they have they may be actually listening in on who is actually talking when news of foiled terrorist plot was disseminated.  Your plan makes too much sense.  But first we have to knock out all the lawyers and the ACLU in case they may want to sue the gov'ment for putting relatives and the perpetrator under too much emotional stress.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      doanwon
      01/04/2010
      Posts:41
      Avg Rating:
      3/5

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